Federated Cloud Architecture

There is no Smartphone Component of the App; the Cloud Component can federate with others

The following diagram illustrates this architecture:

Example:

• Web-based e-mail
• Federated social media (Fediverse) with web applications such as Mastodon

Advantages:

• similar as for Cloud Architecture; plus:
• creates an incentive for innovation;
• creates checks and balances between App Operators who all operate similar Apps, which can at least be compared with (and possible substituted by) other Apps.

Disadvantages/risks:

• similar as for Cloud Architecture; plus:
• technically more complex and, in total, more expensive
• additional components and communication channels need to be defended.